THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHETCHABUN- SPECIAL EVENTS

1. SWEET TAMARIND DAY ( JANUARY  FEBRUARY)
In front of the Petachabun Provincial Hall
Sweet Tamarind is strongly associated with Phetchabun , as it is widely grown throughout the province and made into several products , such as candies, drinks and soaps.
Phetachabun organises Sweet Tamarind Day to celebrate the harvest of this fruit and during the festival, farmers bring their sweet tamarinds to sell at reasonable price where best crop contests are held. In addition, there is a variety of other entertainment ; such as the beauty pageant and other cultural performance.

2. UM PHRA DAM NAM CEREMONY( SEPTEMBER)
Held on the 15th day of the waning moon in the 10th lunar month or Sat Thai Day , the day in which Thais make merit by offering Krayasat ( sticky paste made from rice , bean , sesame and sugar) to monks. The festival honours Phra Buddha Maha Dhammaracha , a highly revered ancient Buddha image housing at Wat Trai Phum, which was found in the Pasak River by a group of farmers 400 years ago. The ritual of taking the Buddha image to be immersed in the Pasak River depicts the legend that the image twice wandered out of the temple and was later found in water.
 In the afternoon, the image is carried around town and then put under a tent in Wat Trai Phum, so Buddhist can pay respect by applying gold leaf to the statue. In the evening, people gather at the temple to pray  , as well as to enjoy various kinds of entertainment. The next morning, people make merit by offering food and other necessities to the monk, as it is Sat Thai Day. The Buddha image is then taken to be immersed in the Pasak River by the governor of Phetchabun and traditional dances are performed as a sign of respect. After the ceremony, the water in the river is regarded as sacred , so people swim in it or take the water to drink  and the festival concludes with the traditional long boat races.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHETCHABUN - OUT OF CITY ATTRACTIONS

1. HUAI PA DAENG DAM
Constructed for irrigation purposes, this dam with pleasant scenic view is located some 8 kms west of the town.

2. TAT MOK NATIONAL PARK
This forest park has a huge waterfall fed by streams flowing down mountain crevices, creating twelve beautiful tiers.

3. SI THEP HISTORICAL PARK
An ancient tow where many structures still remains indicative of its past prosperity during the 11th - 18th Buddhist centuries, Si Thep was the centre of contact between the Dvaravati Kingdom in the Central Plains and the Khmer Kingdom in the Northeast. Several remains of laterite buildings and ponds spread around the area. Artefacts found here include elaborate lintels, Sema Stones ( used to mark out the limits of Buddhist temples ) and jewellery.

4. KHAO KHO
Situated to the northwest of town , Khao Kho is a 1000 metre high mountain that once served as a base from which communist insurgents conducted their struggle from 1968 to 1982. Interesting places include various viewing points , remains of guerrilla bases , a war memorial , a weapon museum , a stupa containing a holy relic , the Si Dit Falls and a royal palace. On the way to Khao Kho, visitors can visit the Hmong market , which is where the Hmong Hill tribe people come to sell the hill tribe handicraft and products from their farm

5. PHU THAP BOEK
Located at Tambon Wang Ban, Phu Thap Boek is the highest point of Phetchabun Province at around 1768 meters above the sea level. Surrounded by fertile forests and beautiful mountain ranges , it possesses cool climate all year round, with the stunning sea of fog in the morning. Apart from being the largest cabbage plantation in Thailand, Phu Thap Boek is also an important place as it is a reservation venue fro the rain used as part of the holy water in the ceremony of celebrating H.M .the King's 72nd Birthday Anniversary.

6. PHU HIN RONG KLA
Located in the mountains northwest of Lom Sak, in the north of the province, amidst exotic scenery , this was a communist guerilla base in the 1970s and 1980s .

7. NAM NAO NATIONAL PARK
Its office located some 50 kms east of Lom Sak , this is an immense tract of dry evergreen forest. Spread over roiling hills and including pineries and grasslands , it is the habitat of diverse animals and more than 100 bird species. In December and January, the temperature can drop to as low as 2 degrees Celsius .

8. KHON RAK PA NONG MAE NA COMMUNITY GROUP
Awarded the outstanding performance for the Thailand Tourism Award in 2010, this community provides a fun filled ecotourism activity by taking visitors on a rafting trip a Kaeng Bang Rachan. The best time of visit os from January to May as it is the time where " freshwater jelly fish " is visible during day time.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHETCHABUN- CITY ATTRACTIONS

1. WAT MAHATHAT
This temple on Nikom Bamrung Road has several ancient chedis of the Sukhothai style. The main chedi , believed to be built around the Sukhothai period and was restored in 1967, houses the Lord Buddha's relics.

2. PHETCHABUN CITY PILLAR SHRINE
Relocated from the ancient town of Si Thep, this is considered one if the oldest city pillar shrines in Thailand. The pillar is made of stone and has the width of 30 centimeters , length of 15 centimeters and rises about 85 centimeters above the ground.

3. WAT TRAI PHUM
This temple on Phetcharat Road features a Buddha statue called Phra Phuttha Maha Thammaracha , which was cast  in the ornamental Lop Buri Style. The ritual bathing of the Buddha image is performed each September.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHITSANULOK -INTERESTING ACTIVITIES & SPECIAL EVENTS & LOCAL PRODUCTS

INTERESTING ACTIVITIES
1. FLYING VEGETABLES
Tourisng Phitsabulok city by a tricycle ( called " sam - lo" ) is recommended , particularly around the river banks where floating restaurant abound with theatrical cooks making " flying vegetables". The specialty is a dish called " Phak Bung Loi Fa" which attached a big performance where the cooks toss fried morning glory to the sky to the server, in which the customers can also participate in trying to catch the morning glory on the plate.

2. WATER RAFTING
Endowed with natural beauty and suitable terrain , Phitsanulok is a  great place where adventure lover would enjoy water rafting in the river. The famous place for water rafting trip is Lam Nam Khaek with several challenging rapids and an event called " Tasting Kaeng Song Coffee and rafting on the Khek River" which takes place around July of every year. At this festival, visitors get to experience the excitement of rafting along the river, as well as to taste the Kaeng Song Coffee, which is the local Arabia coffee.

SPECIAL EVENTS 
1. LONG BOAT RACES & FAIRS( OCTOBER)
These races and fair are held when the Nan River is full at the peak of the rainy season. The fair is held in front of Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat.Robes are placed over the phra Phuttha Chinnarat and there are contests of boat processions and boat races.

LOCAL PRODUCTS
Preserved food products are the specialty of Phitssanulok , notably Kuai Tak, which are dried bananas coated with honey. Also popular are items made from pork ; such as Naem ( fermented pork sausage) and Mu Yo ( pork sausage).

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHITSANULOK - OUT OF CITY ATTRACTIONS

1. HIGHWAY 12 SCENIC ROUTE
Cutting through the eastern mountain ranges of Phitsanulok , the route offers a series of attractive forested areas and waterfalls within national parks. To visit these places, transport can be hired in town. One of the highlights is Namtok Wang Nok Aen, within the Sakunothayan Arboretum, which is 1 km offf the main highway at KM 22 , with Kaeng Sai Rapids locating nearby. At Km 45 lies Namtok Kaeng Song waterfall, At Km 72 and a further 2 km, off the road is an extensive 3 level waterfall called Namtok Kaeng Sopha, which runs over massive rock formations amongst lush vegetation. The best time to visit all waterfalls is from September when the water flows are at the maximum.

2. THUNG SALAENG LUANG NATIONAL PARK
This protected area of mountain forests and grasslands covers 1262 sq kms. The grasslands are bright with flowers, particularly during the late rainy season ( October) . The mountain ranges are watersheds feeding several streams flowing into the Nan River. a good walking trail starts from the sub office at Ban Nong Mae Na ( Km 100) and leads alternately through forest and savanna. Thung Non Son, a grassy plateau in the heart of the park, abounds with wild flowers in October to December.From Ban Nong Mae Na, it takes 16 km by car and a further 15 kms on foot to get to the park.

3. NAMTOK CHAT TRAKAN NATIONAL PARK
This forest and waterfall park lies some 145 km from town . The water cascedes down 7 tiers to a wide pool with a beach. Some cliff faces carry traces of prehistoric carvings. Camping can be done at the park, but please contact the park officials in advance.

4. PHU HIN RONG KLA NATIONAL PARK
This is an outstanding national park with unique scenic attractions and historical significance. The mountainous area was a communist guerilla base from 1967 to 1982 and many radical students fled here after the 1976 massacre of students in Bangkok. Reminders of the struggle  are living quarters , schools , a hospital and other facilities . There are also beautiful waterfalls and strange rock formations with jagged boulders and deep facilities.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHITSANULOK -CITY ATTRACTIONS

1.WAT PHRA SI RATTANA MAHATHAT
This national important temple, commonly called Wat Yai , has its origin dating back to the 14th century and is situated on the river's east bank. The wihan houses what is regarded as the most beautiful and graceful Buddha statue in Thailand - the large bronze sitting statue of Phra Phuttha Chinnarat in the Sukhothai style , dating from the 14th century. A celebration honouring the Chinnarat Buddha image is held in late January. Other prominent features are the hall's large pearl - inlaid doors made in 1756 by royal craftsmen and an 8 metre tall standing Buddha image called Phra Attharot. Phra Attharot, which cast in the same period as the Chinnarat Buddha, was originally housed in a large hall which has now crumbled away . In the centre of the compound is a great Khmer -style pagoda or prang. It is thought the structure was originally a lotus bud shaped stupa of Sukhothai style and was altered into a prang during the early Ayutthaya period.

2. WAT NANG PHAYA
Wat Nang Phaya is located on the eastern bank of the Nan River, near Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat to the south. Both temples are assumed to be built when Phitsanulok City was ruled by King Boromtrailokanat , have linking compounds. Wat Nang Phaya features a wihan but there is no ubosot and it is known for the so called " Phra Nang Phaya " votive tablet which is one of the famous 5 great auspicious amulets in Thailand.

3.WAT RATCHABURANA
Situated on the east bank of the Nan River and south of Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat , this temple also survived the fire. The ordination hall features a graceful three -headed Naga ( mythical serpent) over its eaves and murals painted in the early 19th century. It was built by King Boromtrailokanat who played a major role in fostering Buddhism in the province.

4. WAT CHEDI YOT THONG
Located on Phaya Sua Road, this temple has a 15th century lotus bud shaped chedi of the typical Sukhothai style, the only such structure left in the province.

5. WAT CHULA MANI
Located on the east bank of the Nan River, about 5 kms, south of the town centre on the Boromtrailokanat Road, this temple was the site of the original town. King Boromtrailokanat , accompanied by more than 2000 folloers, was ordained as a monk here in 1416. An important ancient structure in the temple is the hall containing a holy footprint and inscription stone built by King Narai the Great of Ayutthaya. There is also a Khmer style pagoda ( Prang) built with laterite, adorned with intricate swan designs.

6.KING NARESUAN THE GREAT SHRINE
The shrine is located on the site of the former Chan Palace, the birthplace and residence of King Naresuan the Great who is a revered king famous for defending the nation from the Burmese. Located close to the river on the west bank, it features a statue of the King declaring independence from Burma.

7. SERGAENT -MAJOR DR THAWI PIM BURANAKHET'S FOLKLORE MUSEUM
This museum on Wisutkasat Road is regarded as the folklore museum with the greatest collection of indigenous arts and utensils. A labour of love by Dr Thawi,  the museum displays pottery , kitchenware , agricultural tools and musical instruments , all reflecting the lifestyle and creativity of the traditional community. Open Tuesday to Sunday between 8.30am - 4.30pm

8. BUDDHA - CASTING FOUNDRY 
Situated opposite the Folkre Museum and also created by Dr Thawi , the Foundry specializes in casting bronze Buddha images and statues , mostly replicas of the Chinnarat Buddha in all sizes. It is open on Tuesday to Sunday between 8.30 am - 4.30 pm

9. CITY WALLS
Originally made of clay like those of Sukhothai , the city walls were built during the Ayutthaya period to deter raids from Lanna and Burma and the remnants can be seen to the north and east of town. Part of the old 12 m wide city moat still exist to the west of town parallel to Phra Ruang Road. Located within the compound of Phitsanulok Phittayakhom School are the remains of Chan Palace, the birthplace of King Naresuan the Great , which are being excavated at present.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHETCHABUN

Situated in the heart of Thailand with its provincial capital some 346 km north of Bangkok, Phetchabun is the meeting place of 3 regions, the North , the Central Plains and the Northeast.

The province centres on the Pa Sak River basin with mountain ranges running along both the western and eastern reaches. Because of the fertility of the soil, Phetchabuys has always been a productive area  and its name means " the land of crops and food" . The province has a long and prosperous history and rich tourism potential . Its climate is attractive due to the mountains and forests.

LOCAL PRODUCTS
Makham Wan or sweet tamarind is the most famous product of Petchabun. Another popular product, especially in Amphoe Lom Kao is Khanom Chin or rice vermicelli, a noodle like dish made from rice flour and eaten with a variety of soup , such as Namya Pla or Nam Phrik.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - PHITSANULOK

A major province of the Lower North , Phisanulok is located where the Central Plains begin to rise into the Northern region. The provincial capital is 377 kms north of Bangkok and boasts a nationally important temple. Most of the terrain is flat, contrasted by mountain ranges running along the east where waterfalls and national parks offer opportunities for nature treks. The town of Phitsanulok, situated in the banks of the Nan River, has been a major community since ancient Khmer times and enjoyed great prosperity during the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods.
During 1463- 1487, the city served as the royal capital as King Boromtrailokanat of Ayuthhaya resided permanently in the province. Unfortunately , most of the city was destroyed by a fire and today it is built in the modern style.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - UTTARADIT - SPECIAL EVENTS

1. THE TRADITION OF BUDDHA CREMATION 
6TH LUNAR MONTH ( USUALLY IN MAY)
A unique religious ritual is performed at Wat Phra Boromathat Thung Yang after the full moon day of the 6th lunar month. It features a re enactment of the Buddha's funeral ceremony.

2. LANGSAT DAY FAIR ( LATE SEPTEMBER)
Langsat growing has long been the main occupation of the local people and Uttaradit organises this fair to celebrate the province's famous fruit. The fair features exhibitions , contests and parades of floats decorated with fruits, as well as entertainment.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - UTTARADIT - OUT OF CITY ATTRACTIONS

1. WAT KLANG
Located about 3 kms outside of town at Ban Kae, this old temple has beautiful plaster bas -reliefs over the ubosot. Within the temple are rare wall murals of the early Rattanakosin period style depicting the Jataka and assemblage of celestial beings.

2. WAT PHRA BOROMATHAT THUNG YANG
Located about 3 kms fom town and this old temple , once called Wat Mahathat , has a large round Sri Lankan style chedi enshrining a holy relic.

3. WAT PHRA YUEN PHUTTHABAT YUKHON
Situated near Wat Phra Boromathat Thung Yang, this temple features a Chiang Saen Style mondop sheltering holy footprints.

4. LAPLAE
An ancient community dating from the Ayutthaya period, Laplae is an attractive place to visit with old wooden houses, hand woven houses, hand woven textiles and other craft specialties. It is also a major producer of langsat, the province's famous fruit , as well as a local variety of durian called " long laplae".

5. WAT PHRA THAEN SILA AT
Located near Laplae , this temple is believed to be of the Sukhothai Period. Its major feature is the base of a sermon platform built with laterite.

6. NAMTOK MAE PHUN
Located at ban Ton Klua, about 20 ms from town, the waterfall features multi level cascades amid pleasant natural surroundings.

7. SIRIKIT DAM 
Situated at Tha Pla some 68 kms from town on the Uttaradi Tha Pla Road, this is the country's largest earthen dam. Stemming the Nan River, the dam is 800m wide. The large lake has beautiful scenery and during the cool season the landscape is covered in a profusion of colourful flowers and blooms. Accommodation and boating services are available.

8. SAK YAI FOREST PARK
This park , located in Amphoe Nam Pat about 80 kms from town.. It features the largest teak tree in the world. It  has a circumference of 9.87 m and an age of about 1500 years. Unfortunately , its top was broken off in a storm, cutting its height from 48.5m to 37 m , but it is still alive.

9. BO LEK NAM PHI
Here swords an other weapons were forged from high quality steel. There are 2 mines still in existence, whose ores are believed to have been used to make only the king's swords. This ancient site is reached by going to Thong Saen Khan ( 42 kms southeast of town ).

10. PHU SOI DAO NATIONAL PARK
Having been dubbed as " the flower field amidst the pine forest ", Phu Soi Dao National Park features beautiful natural landscapes and is one of the popular tourist attractions.
Covering a vast area of Amphoe Ban Khok, Amphoe Huai Mun, Amphoe Nam Pat of Uttaradit Province and Amphoe Chattarakan of Phitsanulok Province, the park's office is located at Amphoe Nam Pat near Namtok Phu Soi Dao , which is the most prominent 5 tiered waterfall , which can be easily accessed.A walking trail leads visitors to the top of the mountain, where sea of fog is clearly visible in the morning. Camping site is available at the park but please contact the park officers in advance.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - UTTARADIT - CITY ATTRACTIONS

1. WAT THAMMATHIPATAI
At this temple,the door panels of the large and ancient wihan of Wat Phra Fang are kept. The wooden panels are 2.2 m wide and 5.3 m tall and are carved in the graceful style of the Late Ayutthaya Period. These door panels are only second to those of Wat Suthat in Bangkok.

2. WAT THA THANON
Located beside the Nan River, this temple houses Luangpho Phet, the principal Buddha statue of the province. It is in the ancient Chiang Saen style and cast in bronze.

3. WAT YAI THA SAO
Situated east of the town centre about 3 kms along Samranruen Road, this temple features an old wihan with beautifully carved wood door panels and lintels.

4. PHRATA PHICHAI DAP HAK MEMORIAL
This statue commemorates a governor , who in 1772 valiantly fought the Burmese invaders until one of his swords broke in 2. Still he prevailed over them and is remembered as " Phraya Phichai of the Broken Sword".

5. UTTARADIT PROVINCIAL CULTURAL HALL
Once the official residence of the provincial governor , this late 19th century traditional wooden building houses important historical relics. A major item is the Yan Mat, a carved wooden carrying pole made by Late Ayutthaya period craftsmen. 

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - UTTARADIT

A province in the Lower North, Uttaradit has a long history going back to at least the Sukhothai period, which is around 13th century. Today, it is most noted for the cultivation of " langsat" fruit and for the major lake formed by the Sirikit Dam. The provincial capital is located 491 kms from Bangkok and the province covers an area of 7838 sq kms. The original town ,called Bang Pho It, was located on the right bank of the Nan River. A flourishing port for regional trade, it was renamed Uttaradit, literally means the Port of the Nort, by King Rama V ( 1868-1910) and made a provincial capital. When he northern railway line was built in the early 20th century with a stop at Uttaradit , the town received a further boost. Unfortunately , the town centre was largely destroyed in a fire in 1967 and was rebuilt in a modern style.

LOCAL PRODUCTS
Interesting items include woven materials with lovely designs and colours and preserved fruits such as the chewy " Kluai Kuan" made from bananas.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - LOCAL PRODUCTS

Famous for the Sangkhalok Pottery, such as the Thung Luang terra cotta of Khiri Mat, Sukhothai also offer other variety of products including the handmade ancient style gold and silver products of Si Satchanalai , fried peanuts of Si Samrong which is called " 200 year fried peanuts" as it is an old recipe that has been passed on through generations and Hat Siao fabric of Si Satchanalai, made by descendants of Thai Phuan migrants from Lao PDR.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - SPECIAL EVENTS

1. SI SATCHANALAI ORDINATION CELEBRATION ( APRIL)
Locally called Buat Chang Hat Siao, this event is held at Hat Sieo, Si Satchanalai and is arranged by the local Thai Phuan people.It features a spectacular procession of ordination candidates ( men about to become Buddhist monks) in colourful costumes on the backs of some 20-30 decorated elephants.

2. SONGKRAN FESTIVAL ( 13 - 15 APRIL)
This is the traditional Thai New Year celebration, also known as the Water Festival. Songkran was mentioned in the famous stone inscription dating from the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great.

3. SUKHOTHAI LOI KRATHONG AND CANDLE FESTIVAL ( NOVEMBER)
Held on the full moon night of the 12th lunar month, Loi Kratong Festival originated in Sukhothai and is now celebrated throughout the kingdom.Kratong, the lotus blossom -shaped vessels made of banana leaves  and containing a candle, incense sticks , flowers and coins are floated on the rivers, lakes or canals. Other activities include the Kratong design contest, the cultural arts and traditional Thai Musical performances, Nang Nopphamat Beauty Contest and lighting of lanterns.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - CITY ATTRACTION- SUKHOTHAI HISTORICAL PARK ( PART 2)

B) SUKHOTHAI HISTORICAL PARK - OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS

THE SITES OT THE NORTH

1. WAT PHRA PHAI LUANG
This temple lies 500 m north of San Luang Gate ( northern gate) . This sanctuary , formerly a Khmer Hindu Shrine but later converted into a Buddhist temple is surrounded by a moat . It is second in importance to Wat Mahathat . Inside, there are 3 prangs like Wat Si Sawai, but the southern and the central ones have crumbled leaving only the northern one that shows the beautiful decoration of stucco chedi. In front of these prangs are a wihan and a crumbled chedi; the latter has a pedestal decorated with stucco of sitting Buddha images. A mondop contains ruined Buddha images in 4 postures -- sitting , reclining , standing and walking. A Sivalinga 9 phallic emblem of Hindu gods) was unearthed in the compound of this sanctuary.

2. RUINS OF THE OLD CELADON FACTORY ( THURIANG KILN)
Thuriang Kiln is a site where Sukhothai celadons were made. Kilns found in this area measuring 100m by 700 m. Each kiln is divided into 3 sections; the fire area, the baking oven and the fuel. The pottery unearthed here mostly has 3 painted designs on the bottom - a disc , a fish and a flower. Forty nine kilns and small edifices are found and there is a pond which was dug into the stone located to the north of the site.

3. WAT SI CHUN
This lies about 1500 m north of Wat Mahathat and was originally surrounded by moat. A square mondop ( an edifice which is square in plan, cubicle in form with a pyramidal superstructure for roofing) , which is the main sanctuary , contains a monumental stucco over brick Buddha image in the attitude of Subduing Mara, called Phra Achana. This Buddha measures 11.3 m from knee to knee. The width of the mondop is 32 meters on each side and the height is 15 meters while the walls are 3 meters thick. There are remains of the passageway in the left inner wall which leads to the above crossbeam. On the ceiling of the passageway are more than fifty engraved slate slabs illustrating scenes from the Jakarta epic.


THE SITES TO THE EAST  
a)WAT SAPHAN HIN
Situated on a 200 metre high hill, the sanctuary is approached by a pathway of slate slabs.

b)WAT CHANG ROP
This temple features a bell shaped chedi on a square base decorated with 24 sculptures of elephant, which is the origin of the name of the temple " chang rop" which means " surrounded by elephants"

c)PHRA RUANG DAM
This earthwork dam was built to hold back water between Khao Phra Bat Yai and Khao Kio - Ai - Ma since the ancient period and was referred to in the famous Sukhothai stone inscription. It was later restored by the Irrigation Department.

THE SITES TO THE SOUTH
a)WAT CHETUPHON
This temple features a mondop enshrining 4 Buddha images in different postures- sitting , standing, walking and reclining .The outer walls of the mondop still retain a section in the form of a slate pillar with balustrade window. There is an entrance to the mondop to the north. Just behind the mondop is a small sanctuary which contains a Buddha image known locally as Phra Si Ariya Mettrai , the Future Lord Buddha.

THE SITES TO THE EAST
a)WAT CHANG LOM
This temple is located to the north of Charot Withithong Road with a bell shaped chedi of Ceylonese influence standing at the centre, The chedi is situated on a 3 tiered square base with a platform decorated with rows of elephants. This type of elephant decorated chedi is to be seen in many ancient towns of the Sukhothai period; for example Kamphaeng Phet and Si Sathcanalai.

b) WAT TRAPHANG THONGLANG
The main sanctuary of this temple is a square mondop , with a wihan to the east and ubosot standing beyond the wihan. Surrounding the mondop is outer wall which is beautifully decorated with stucco figures in niches. The southern side portrays the Lord Buddha  flanked by angles descending from Tavatimsa Heaven ( the second heaven in Buddhist 6 heavens) .The west side portrays the Lord Buddha preaching to his father and relatives. The north side depicts the episode when the Lord Buddha returned to preach to his wife. These stucco figures, especially those on the south side, are masterpieces of Sukhothai art.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - CITY ATTRACTION- SUKHOTHAI HISTORICAL PARK ( PART 1)

The park is located 12 kms from Sukhothai town on the Tak Highway; open daily between 6am - 9 pm. Bicycles can be rented for touring the ruins . The Park's tourist service provides information and displays models of historical buildings and structures of the old Sukhothai. Lying over an extensive area, ruins of the royal palaces , Buddhist temples, city gates, walls ,moats, dams , ditches , ponds, canals and the water dyke control system are preserved with major restoration by the Fine Arts Department in cooperation with UNESCO.

 A)  INSIDE THE CITY WALLS

The core city was surrounded by walls and earthen ramparts ; this form the centre of the historical park . It was rectangular , measuring 1300 m by 1800 m with four gates. A stone inscription reveals that King Ramkhamhaeng the Great set up a bell at one of the gates. If his subjects needed help , they could ring the bell and the king would come out to settle disputes and dispense justice. Within the walls are the remains of 35 structures. The most notable are described as follows:

1) ROYAL PALACE AND WAT MAHATHAT 

The Royal Palace lies in the centre of the city , surrounded by a moat and contains 2 main compounds - the Royal residence and the royal sanctuary. Here the famous stone inscription of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great was found by King Mongkut ( RAMA IV) in the 19th century together with part of the stone throne called Manangkhasila at King Ramkhamhaeng the Great set up a throne in the midst of a sugar palm grove where, at his request, a monk preached on Buddhist holy days and the king conducted the affairs of state on other days. This throne was later installed in Bangkok's Temple of the Emerald Buddha.

Lying west of the Royal Palace compound is Wat Mahathat, the royal sanctuary , which is Sukhothai 's largest temple with a customary main chedi in a lotus bud shape and ruined wihan . At the base of the chedi are Buddhist disciples sitting in adoration and on the pedestal are sitting Buddha images. In front of this reliquary is a large hall formerly containing a remarkable sitting bronze Buddha image of the Sukhothai style , which was cast and installed by King Lithai of Sukhothai in 1362. In the late of 18th century the image was moved to the Wihan of Wat Suthat in Bangkok under the command of King Rama I and has since been named Phra Si Sakaya Muni. In front of the large hall is another smaller one which was probably built during the Ayutthaya period. Its main Buddha image ( 8 m high) was installed a separate building. In front of the southern image, a sculpture called Khom Dam Din was found,now kept in the Mae Ya Shrine near the Sukhothai City Hall. To the South stands a pedestal of a large stepped chedi  adorned with beautiful mural paintings , whose lowest platform is adorned with beautiful stucco figures of demons,elephants and lions with angels riding on their backs.

2) KING RAMKHAMHAENG THE GREAT MONUMENT
Situated to the north of Wat Mahathat, the bronze statue of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great sits on a throne with a bas relief at the base depicting the king's life.

3) WAT SI SAWAI 
Situated amid magnificent scenery southwest of WAT MAHATHAT is Wat  Si Sawai, with 3 prangs surrounded by a laterite wall. Inside the wall, the wihan in the west , built of laterite , is separated from the main prang ( Khmer - style pagoda) which was constructed  in the Lop Buri or Hindu style. A trace of the Hindu sculpture " Sayomphu " was found here, indicating that this was originally a Hindu shrine, later converted into Buddhist Temple.

4) WAT TRAPHANG NGOEN
Situated to the west of Wat Mahathat is Wat Traphang Ngoen with its square pedestal, main sanctuary and stucco standing Buddha image measuring 4 inches. There is a wihan to the front and to the east of the pond is an island with ubosot ( assembly hall). This edifice has crumbled and only its pedestral and laterite columns remain. Many monuments and magnificent scenery are visible from this location.

5) WAT SA SI
Located to the northwest of Wat Mahathat, Wat Sa Si is a historical ancient site that is situated on an island in the middle of the pond called Traphang Trakuan. The most prominent feature of this temple is the Lankan style bell shaped chedi. Wat Sa Si regarded as one of the most scenic sites in Sukhothai.

6) WAT CHANA SONGKHRAM
Situated to the north of Wat Mahathat is Wat Chana Songkhram. Its main sanctuary is a round Singhalese --style chedi. In front of the chedi the base of a wihan and behind the chedi stands an ubosot. Bases of 12 small chedi are also visible. Near Charot Withithong Road is a strange chedi with 3 bases , one on top of the other.

7)SAN TA PHA DAENG OR DEITY SHRINE
Situated to the north of Wat Mahathat is San Ta Pha Daeng. This monument consists of a single laterite prang with a staircase in the front. Sandstone Hindu divine objects ( Lop- Buri style ) were found here.

8. WAT MAI
Situated to the north of Wat  is Wat Mai. The main sanctuary is an Ayutthaya-style brick wihan with its columns made of laterite, A bronze image of Buddha under a Naga ( a Lop Buri- style image) was found here and is now preserved in the Ramkhamhaeng National Museum

9. WAT TRAPHANG THONG
Situated to the east of Wat Mahathat is Wat Traphang Thong, which is located on an island in the middle of the large pond. There is a ruined laterite Singhalese-style chedi and a new mondop containing the Lord Buddha's Footprint slab that was created by King Lithai in 1390. An annual fair to worship this sacred footprint takes place during the Loi Krathong Festival.

10. RAMKHAMHAENG NATIONAL MUSEUM
The museum offers an outstanding introduction to the arts and crafts of Sukhothai and its vassal cities, displaying objects unearthed or collected from Sukhothai and nearby provinces. Inside the spacious building are Khmer statues , Sukhothai style Buddha statues, Sawankhalok ceramics and other archaeological artefacts gathered from the area. Open everyday between 9 am - 4 pm.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - CITY ATTRACTIONS- SI SATCHANALAI

SI SATCHANALAI
Si Satchanalai was a city of the Sukhothai kingdom, located close to the modern town of Si Satchanalai, which is 67 km north of new Sukhothai .

1. SI SATCHANALAI HISTORICAL PARK
Si Satchanalai Historical Park contains the remains of Sukhothai era Structures in a park and setting similar to Sukhothai Historical Park. The 13th to 15th century ruins of 134 structures have been discovered and are located beside the Yom River among hills and are less restored than those of Sukhothai's . The ancient site was the kingdom's second city and the residence of the crown prince. It enjoyed great importance, as demonstrated by the size of its remains . This park is open everyday between 8 am - 5pm.

2. WAT PHRA SI RATTANA MAHATHAT
This temple, also called Wat Phra Borommathat Mueang Chaliang or Wat Phra Prang is situated 3 kms to the south of the ancient Si Satchanalai's walls. An immense laterite prang, which is on a square base, marks the centre of the temple. A steep stair case in front of the prang leads to a room where a reliquary is enshrined.

3. WAT KHAO PHANOM PHLOENG
This is a hilltop temple within the old town of Si Satchanalai. A laterite chedi in the centre, a large wihan or image hall in the front and a small sanctuary at the back all appeared as ancient ruins. Some laterite pillars and a damaged Buddha image constructed of laterite slabs and coated with mortar are also visible.

4. WAT KHAO SUWAN KHIRI
The hilltop temple is situated 200 m from Phanom Phloeng Hill. A huge bell shaped chedi on a 5 tiered base marks the centre of the temple. Ruins of a wihan, chedi and fragments of huge stucco figures scattered on the ground. The similarity between some figures here and those at Wat Chang Lom lead to the belief that King Ramkhaemhaeng the Great had this temple constructed.

5. WAT CHANG LOM
A huge bell shaped chedi supported by 39 elephants with 4 at the cardinal points to mark the centre of the temple . Above the chedi's base are the niches enshrining Buddha images in the Subduing Mara posture.

6. WAT CHEDI CHET THAEO
This is one of the most beautiful temples in Sukhothai Province. Stupa of different artistic styles and influences were built here. Remnants of old mural paintings can still be seen in some stupa.

7. WAT SUAN KAEO UTTHAYAN YAI
Located near Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo, across a dirt road, this temple has the ruins of a large image hall. It is also called Wat Kao Hong which means the Nine Roomed Temple.

8. WAT NANG PHAYA
This temple is famous for its delicate stucco reliefs in the remains of the northwestern wall of the seven roomed wihan. The pillars are decorated with unglazed ceramic designs . The central laterite stupa is surrounded by lampposts and accessible by a set of narrow stairs.

9. WAT SUAN KAEO UTTHAYAN NOU
This temple's ruins consist of a frontal wihan housing a Buddha image and complete with a laterite roof.

10. SANGKHALOK KILN SITE STUDY AND CONSERVATION CENTRE
At one time, hundreds if huge pottery kilns lined the Yom River in this area and several of these have been carefully excavated . One of the kilns that can be viewed in the centre is in an oval shape with a curved roof and around 7 - 8 m wide, while a large outdoor kiln is situated a short distance away. The centre displays pottery and potsherds, found in the area and information on the evolution of ancient ceramics. Located soem 4 kms north of Si Satchanalai Historical Park to Ban Ko Noi,.

11. SI SATCHANALAI NATIONAL PARK
Covering an area of 213 sq kms , this forest and mountain park offers trekking routes to waterfalls, caves and a hot spring . The park is about 100km from Sukhothai  and can be reached by a local bus from Si Satchanalai where there is accommodation provided.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI - CITY ATTRACTIONS

1. PHRA MAE YA SHRINE
Situated in front of the city hall, the Shrine houses the Phra Mae Ya figure, in ancient queen's dress, said to have been made by King Ramkhamhaeng as a dedication to his late mother Nang Sueang.

2. SANGKHALOK MUSEUM
The museum displays SANGKHALOK ( Sawankhalok) ceramics , which are ceramics produced in old Sukhothai Kingdom and ceramics produced in the old Lanna Kingdom. Located  1 km from town on the Phitsanulok road. Open everyday between 8 am - 5 pm

3. FISH MUSEUM
Located in Rama IV Park on Phitsanulok Road, the Museum displays a variety of freshwater fish mentioned in Thai literature . Open everyday between 9 am - 5 pm except Tuesday . Admission is free.

4. RAMKHAMHAENG NATIONAL PARK ( KHAO LUANG)
Covering the area of Amphoe Ban Dan Lan Hoi, Amphoe Khiri Mat and Amphoe Mueang of Sukhothai Province, this park is a nature park with historical significance. Amongst the abundance of natural beauty, Ramkhamhaeng Park also features several ancient structure. The most prominent his features of this park are Namtok Sai Rung and Khao Luang mountain range.Pha Na Rai, which is one of the peaks of Khao Luang, offers the most magnificent view of the sunrise and sunset .

5. SAWANKHALOK -SAWANKHAWORANAYOK NATIONAL MUSEUM
Located at Sawankhalok town, 38 kms, north of Sukhothai . The museum features sculptural art from various periods and Sangkhalok ( Sawankhalok) pottery from the Sukhothai era , some of it retrieved from sunken vessels in the Gulf of Thailand .Open everyday between 8.30 am - 4.30pm except Monday , Tuesday and Public Holidays .

6. RAMKHAMHAENG NATIONAL PARK (KHAO LUANG SUKHOTHAI)
This exquisite national park with a combined natural and historical background covers an area of 341 sq kms of high hills and steep cliffs, some over 1200 m high. The park features natural attractions; such as waterfalls , varied vegetation and wildlife , along side archaeological remains. Trekkers are required to bring their own food and essential equipment with them . Bungalows and tents are available.

7. BAN THUNG LUANG
Situated in Tambon Thung Luang, Amphoe Khiri Mat , around 17 kms from the Sukhothai town centre, Ban Thung Luang is famous for producing unique pottery. Over 200 families residing at this village products pottery , using the ancient techniques that have been passed down through generations.

THAILAND SUKHOTHAI

Sukhothai is located on the lower edge of the northern region with the provincial capital situated some 450 kms. north of Bangkok and some 350 kms south of Chiang Mai . The province covers an area of 6596 sq kms and is above all noted as the centre of the legendar Kingdom of Sukhothai , with major historical remains at Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai. Its main natural attraction is Ramkhamhaeng National Park, which is also known as " Khao Luang" . The provincial capital, sometimes called New Sukhothai, is a small town lying on the Yom River whose main business is serving tourists who visit the nearby Sukhothai Historical Park.

OLD SUKHOTHAI
Founded in the 13th century, Sukhothai was the first truly independent Thai Kingdom and it enjoyed a golden age during the reign of the great King Ramkhamhaeng . Abandoned and overgrown for many centuries, the superb temples and monuments of this splendid city have been restored in Sukhothai Historical Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A must see for all travellers, Sukhothai is one of the most important historical sites in Southeast Asia..

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Sukhothai , which means " Dawn of Happiness ", was the first kingdom of the Thais, formed after Thai forces drove the Khmers out of the city, a major frontier post of the Khmer Empire and established it as their capital in 1238. The first king's son , Ramkhamhaeng , ascended the throne in 1278 and reigned for forty years. A fine warrior , King Ramkhamhaeng the Great made Sukhothai a powerful and extensive  kingdom which included many parts of what are today neighbouring countries.King Ramkhamhaeng the Great opened direct political relations with China and made 2 trips there, from which he brought back Chinese artisans who taught the pottery techniques to the Thais, resulting in the famous Sangkhalok ceramics. A major achievement of his reign was the revision of  various forms of the Khmer alphabet into a system suitable for the writing of Thai. The alphabet that the king invented in 1283 is essentially the same that is used today.

The Kingdom of Sukhothai during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great is note for prosperity and happiness , as recorded in a stone inscription well known to Thais. " This realm of Sukhothai is good. In the water there are fish , in the fields there is rice. The ruler does not levy on the people who travel along the road together, leading their oxen on the way to trade and riding their horses on the way to sell.Whoever wants to trade in elephants , so trades. Whoever wants to trade in horses, so trades. Whoever wants to trade in silver and gold, so trades."

King Ramkhamhaeng the Great also promoted religion and culture and through his efforts , Buddhism progressed among the people . Inspirational faith to gave birth to classic forms of Thai religious art. Images of the Budhha sculpted during the Sukhothai era are cultural treasures which impact a feeling of peace and serenity . Eight kings ruled Sukhotai , whose gradual decline occurred the last 2 reigns. The end of the first Thai Kingdom came in 1365 when it was reduced vassal state by Ayutthaya  a young and rising Thai power to the south, which became the capital for four centuries , succeeded by Bangkok.

MALAYSIA PENANG GEORGE TOWN

PENANG GEORGE TOWN

GEORGE TOWN –UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CITY

On 7^th July 2008, George Town was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site validating its outstanding “cultural heritage”. The built and living environment of this historic city reflect the unique mosaic of multi-cultural elements from the Malay Archipelago, India, China and Europe to create an architectural and cultural townscape unparalleled in the world today.

BABA –NYONYA CULTURE

One of the unique characteristic of Penang is the Baba Nyonya Culture. The origin of Baba and Nyonya can be traced back to the Chinese Ming Dynasty. Through inter –marriages between Chinese immigrants and the local Malays, a unique culture, called “Peranakan” are produced. In this culture, the men are called “Baba” and the female are called “ Nyonya “. Nyonya cuisine, Nyonya costumes, Nyonya embroidery and Nyonya beaded shoes all form the delicate art of the culture.

THE KINGS OF FRUITS –DURIAN

Penang products the best durians in Malaysia.Each year, the durian season spans from May to July and top class durians such as Musang King , Red Prawn ,Ho Lor, D24 etc have attracted hordes of durian lovers near and far flocking to this island during the season.

FOOD PARADISE OF ASIA

The best way to get to know Penang is through its food. In 2011, the Penang famed Asam Laksa was voted no 7 in “World’s 50 most delicious food’ under CNNGo International Food Survey. In 2012, CNNGo voted Penang as one of the Asia’s 10 greatest Street Food Cities”. Typical Penang foods Cities”. Typical Penang foods such as Nasi Lemak , Nonya Kuih, prawn Noodle, Apom Balik, etc, reflect the country’s colourful ethnic mix of Chinese , Malay , Indian , Nyonya and Thai.

CELEBRATIONS

In Penang, there is at least one celebration or festival in every month.The uniquely Penang Chingay procession, the International Dragon Boat Festival, the annual Penang Bridge International Marathon, the colourful Thaipusam celebration and the festival of Hungry Ghost which was celebrated in great scale add to the vibrancies of the city.

SUN YAT SEN MEMORIAL CENTRE

Penang was an important base where Dr Sun used to gain overseas support for his revolution in the early 1900s. In 1908, Dr Sun set up The Penang Philomatic Union at 65 Macalister Road and he frequently stayed here to give speeches. Through photographs and historic documents, Sun Yat Sen Memorial Centre aims to educate the public about the past history and the great man whose revolution to turn imperial China into a republic.

SHOP N SPREE

A true paradise, Penang has it all. Find the wide range of goods from the unique. Batik , Pewter , gems and wood carvings to all the high tech electronic gadgets and latest fashion under one rood in many of the shopping malls all over the island.

NATURAL BEAUTY

Penang is dubbed as the “Emerald of the Indian Ocean “, thanks to its lush greenery, stunning beaches throughout the island. The famed Batu Feringhi where you can find plenty of 5 stars holiday resorts, the botanical garden, national park and the colonial style Penang Hill are all great attractions for the nature explorers.

INDIA KASHMIR -OTHER CITIES AROUND SRINAGAR ( PART 2)

DOODHPATRI

FROM SRINAGAR 47 KMS

ALTITUDE : 1600 M

Doodhpatri is yet another beautiful meadow, just 42kms from Srinagar, accessed boa Budgam and Khansahib. The relatively lesser-known place is being developed as a tourist resort. The tranquil meadow, surrounded by thick coniferous forests, provides an idyllic setting for a relaxing outing. The river Doodh Ganga, flowing through here, is abundant in trout and draws angling enthusiasts.

4kms before one gets to Doodhpatri is a vast green meadow at Parihas, from where one can choose to trek to Doodhpatri.

Closed by is the ziarat of Sheikh Noor ud-Dn (whose dargah is at Charar-e-Sharif). It is believed that the holy saint spent 12 years at this site doing ibadat (worshipping the Almighty). Every year, during the last week of August, a 3 day Urs is held, that draws people from all faith across Kashmir.

ACHABAL

FROM SRINAGAR : 62 KMS

ALTITUDE : 1700 M

13 kilometers northwest of Kokernag , is splendid garden at Achabal. It is 8 kms from Anantnag. Built by Nir Jahan, the garden called Begamabad Bagh. According to CM Stuart Villiers, gardens sprang up wherever the Mughal royal party set up their camps ( Gardens of the Great Mughals) . Renowned historian Takeo Kamiya writes, “ Till today natural spring water runs with vigour in the fountains and canals) . The profusion of sycamore trees in this Mughal garden gives it a lively appearance.

The French traveller Fracois Bernier, who visited Kashmir with Aurangzeb in 1664, records” “ The spring “ at Achabal “ gushes out of the earth with violence, as of it issued from the bottom of some well and the water is so abundant that it ought rather to be called a river than a fountain. It is excellent water, and as cold as ice. The garden is laid out in regular walks and full of fruit trees –apple, pear, plum, apricot and cherry.

MARTAN TEMPLE

FROM SRINAGAR: 64 KMS

ALTITUDE: 64M

The 8^th century Martand Sun temple neat Anantnag is seen as the apogee of temple architecture in Kashmir. Built by Laitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota Dynasty, the temple stands on a plateu offering an incredible view of the valley below. The main shrine, measuring 67x 43 m , stands within a colonnaded courtyard surrounded by 84 small shrines.The imposing gateway was once carved with images of Hindu Gods, human figures and floral scrolls.

The Martand Temple is amongst the most significant sun temples in India,along with the temples at Konark and Modhera. The massive temple was reduced to ruins in an attack in the early 15^th century. As a testament to the strength of the structure, it is commonly held that it took one whole year for an army of people to bring down the temple.

KOKERNAG

The sprawling garden of Kokernag , nestling beneath wooded hills, is around 70kms from Srinagar and 25 kms from Anantnag, at an altitude of 2020 m . The Kokernag spring, the largest freshwater spring in Kashmir, emerges at seven different places amidst lush, green lawns forming pools of sparkling clear water.

According to legend, a wandering sadhu had halted at this site with his bucket of water and had fallen asleep. A group of village women decided to drink the water from his bucket. However, when they pick up the bucket, a snake (nag) leaped out from inside, startling the unsuspecting women. Even more astonishingly, the snake turned into a hen ( koker) on touching the ground. It is believed that clear water gushed out wherever this koker scratched the earth with its claw.

Emperor Akbar’s court historian, Abdul Fazl, mentions that the waters of this spring have medicinal properties. Indeed, to this day, local people claim that the eaters can cure a wide range of ailments.

VERINAG

FROM SRINAGAR 80 KMS,

ALTITUDE l 1876 M

Verinag once housed an impressive Mughal garden, but is now known as the source of the river Jhelum. An octagonal tank, designed to be at the centre of a palace, was built here by Jahangir in 1620. Down the stream, one can still see ruins of palaces and hamams.

Verinag is 80 kms from Srinagar and 26kms from Anantnag, on the AnantnagVerinag link road. It is 31 kms down the steep road from the Banihal Pass.

Aldous Huxley, who was miserly with his compliments on the Mughal gardens of Kashmir, found that “ Verinag, where Jahangir enclosed the blue deep source of the Jhelum in an octagonal tank surrounded by arcades, has a strange and Jahangir , who died on this journey back to Lahire from his beloved Kashmir , expressly wished to be buried by this spring. But his wishes were disregarded by his courtiers.

Around the reservoir stand 24 pavilions. During the summers, these alcoves provided welcome refuge , with the cold waters of the spring keeping the temperature in these niches pleasantly cool.

The site is also called Nila Nag Bagh, probably because of the Shiva shrine just outside Mughal complex. After prayersm devotees often do a parikrama on the paved path around the spring and feed the fishes swimming lazily close to the surface of the water.

AHARBAL

FROM SRINAGAR: 75KMS

ALTITUDE: 2020 M

At the magnificent waterfall at Aharbal, the river Vishav crashes 24 m down in a wild tumble into a narrow gorge and can be heard long before you actually see it! This beautiful and relatively unknown destination, close to Shopian town, is only an hour and half’s drive from Srinagar. From the bridge at Kongwatan, there is a splendid view of the falls and of the gorge created by the Vishav. There is a smaller waterfall just 50 m downstream .Though only 7m in height, it too is very pretty. A popular trek to the source of Vishav River, at Kounsernag Lake (4115 m), begins here. For the les hardy there are delightful walks through forested woods and lush meadows nearby! The Gujjars bring flocks of sheep to graze in these meadows in summer.

LOLAB

At a distance of 120 kms northwest of Srinagar, through Sopore, is the spectacular Lolab Valley in Kupwara district, with its lush meadows, dense deodar forests, calm lakes, streams and fruit orchards. In autumn, the fruit trees are laden with apricot, apple, walnut, cherry and peach and the branches creak under their weight. Small wonder then, that Lolab is called the “fruit bowl of Kashmir”.

Chandigam , Varnow and Surigam in Lolab are being developed by J& K tourism as tourist destinations. Lolab is situated 51 kms from Bangus, of which only 40 kms are motorable.For the rest, visitors may climb on foot or ride up on ponies. Some other places of interest to tourists are Satbaran, a large rock with seven alcoves, and the Kalaroos Cave.

Besides its breathtaking scenery, Lolab is home to several Himalayan species of fauna like the Himalayan black bear, Himalayan brown bear, snow leopard and musk deer.

BANGUS

BANGUS VALLEY, 128 KMS from Srinagar, is also being developed by the Lolab Bangus Drangyar Development Autorit as an ecofriendly tourist resort. Since Bangus has remained off the tourism map up until now because of its proximity to the Line of Control, it is literally virgin territory being opened to tourists for the first time. There are also plans to develop Asia’s largest golf course here, covering an area of 300 sq kms.

The bowl shaped Bangus is covered with thick snow for 9 months of the year and according to an article in the Hindu , from an aerial view, it could be mistaken for a giant “ Bowl of powdered sugar”. But at the onset of summer in May, “ the ice gives way to a dense carpet of grasses and wild flowers , watered by the snow melt and a profusion of streams running off the glaciers that surround it “.

DRANG YARI

80 kilometers from Srinagar is Drang Yari , which is being promoted as a virgin destination, unspoiled by man and blessed by nature. It is 28 kms from Lolab and 13 kms from Bangus and can be accessed only on ponies. With its thick woods, many ice cold springs and lakes, Drang Yari is a definitely worth a visit!

AMARTNATH YATRA

Lord Shiva’s abode at Amarnath Cave is among the most revered Hindu Shrines in the country. Located at a height of 3888 m, it is at the far end of Lidder valley, 45 kms from Pahalgam and 141 kms from Srinagar. Despite the difficult and indeed perilous trek to reach the shrine, lakhs of pilgrims undertake the arduous yatra to offer prayers during the month of Shravan (July- August) when the cave is opened to devotees . Inside the cave, an ice stalagmite formed every year is worshipped as a self forming( swamymbhu) shivalinga . At its largest,, this shiva linga can easily ve over 2.2 m tall.

The traditional route to the cave a 41 km trek from Pahalgam ( 96 kms from Srinagar) , though of late, pilgrims prefer the shorter 14 km trek from Baltal ( 93 kms from Srinagar). Tents and meals are provided to pilgrims by the yatra organisers.

According to legend Shiva revealed the secret of immortality and the creation of the universe to Parvati , in this cave.

During their journey to Amarnath, Shiva left Nandi, his bull , at Pahalgam ( hence its original name, Bailgaon). At Chandanwari, he released the moon from his locks. By the banks of Sheshnag Lake, he freed the snakes from around his neck and at  Mahagunas Parvat, he left his son Ganesh . Finally, at Panchtarni, he left behind the 5 elements, or panchabhoota.

After ensuring that no living being was around the cave, he whispered to Parvati the Amar Katham, the secret of immortality.

However, unknown to them, 2 pigeon eggs were lying unhatched under their seat and the unborn birds, having overheard the sacred words, became empowered by it. To this day , pilgrims occasionally sight 2 pigeons here.

INDIA KASHMIR -OTHER CITIES AROUND SRINAGAR (PART 1)

PAMPORE

Located 16kms from Srinagar, on the road to Pahalgam , Pampore is the centre of Kashmir’s saffron industry, producing 90% of the state’s saffron. Called the “golden bowl of Kashmir”, it is known for producing the best quality saffron in the world.

By the end of October these bright flowers are in full bloom, bathing the landscape in swathes of lovely purple. The vast stretches give the impression of “a newly wedded bride draped in a saffron shawl taking a nap”. It brings alive the romance of King Yusuf Shah and Zoon, the beautiful Kashmiri poetess. According to lore, one moonlight night in October, the king strayed into the saffron fields where he saw Zoon and fell in love with her. They were soon wed and Zoon became Queen 

Habba Khatoun.

Blossoming at dawn, the flowers quickly wilt as the day passes. Thus entire families, including children and helpers, fan out over the fields with baskets before sunrise, plucking the flowers. It is a festive occasion with Kahwa or saffron tea being served as a refresher. The flowers are then spread out on sheets and left to dry, after which the stigma, from which the spice is derived, is separated. The J& K tourism organized Saffron Festival, held every October, give visitors an opportunity to witness the colourful harvesting process.

Despite the tedious process, where every single stigma stem is carefully plucked by hand, very little saffron is actually obtained even from vast tracts of land: 150 flowers yield barely one gram of saffron threads, making it one of the most expensive and prized , spices in the world.

AVANTIPUR

Founded  by Avantivarman ( 855-883 AD) , the first king of the Utpala dynasty, the ancient township of Avantipur is in Anantnag district , 28 kms from Srinagar , on the road to Pahalgam. Avantivarman built 2 magnificent temple complexes here, 500 m from one another: Avantisvamin, dedicated to Vishnu and Avantisvara , dedicated to Siva. Forgotten over time, the temples were rediscovered during an excavation in the early 20^th century.

The massive temples were once ornately decorated with sculptural details and even today, despite their ruinous state, give a clear indication of their original grandeur.

In the legend associated with Amarnath yatra which takes place in the Hindu month of Shravan, Shiva, on his journey to Amarnath , is said to have left Nandi , his bull , at Pahalgam, which is said to be a corruption of the original name BAilgaon ( meaning “ village of the bull”) .

Chandanwari , 16 kms by motorable road from Pahalgam , is the starting point of the trek to the cave shrine. Today both Pahalgam and BAltal, near Sonamarg , serve as base towns for the yatra.

SONAMARG

ALTITUDE: 2730 M

FROM SRINAGAR: 84 KMS

The beautiful valley of Sonamarg sits at an altitude of 2730 m , in the cleft of a sweeping wooded valley  of sycamore, silver birth and pine and firs in Ganderbal district . Meaning the “ meadown of gold “, Sonamarg is covered with yellow crocus flowers in spring, while the view in the summer months is of grassy meadowns and slopes dotted with spepherds’ huts . The river Sindh, a tributary of Jhelum, meanders through the valley.

Sonamarg is 84 kms from Srinagar, on the road to Leh just before one enters Ladakh district. The Zojila pass into Ladakh – one of the highest motorable passes in the world is barely 10 kms from Sonamarg , making it a popular base camp for travellers to Ladakh . The hill station is also a strategic base for the Indian army in Kashmir. Sonamarg can also be visited as a day trip from Srinagar. The roads are good and it should take only a little over 2 hours to reach. The route traverses the picturesque towns of Ganderbal (21 kms) and Kangan ( 40 kms)  and the Sindh valley , offering enchanting countryside views. Spectacular views of the Harmukh range dominate the horizon all along the route. 

Hugely popular with trekkers, the undulating hills around Sonamarg afford options for all levels of trekking. The 4 km climb to the spectacular.  Thajiwas Glacier is the most popular with tourists. Ponies can also be hired for this trek. There is a longer trek which runs along several mountain lakes Vishansar, Kishansar, Gadsar , Satsar and Gangabal.

The Sindh abounds with trout and is popular with anglers. The fast waters of the river are ideal for rafting and host competitions that are organized by J& K Tourism annually.

In the months of July and August, Sonarmag sees  a lot of traffic from pilgrims undertaking the Amarnath Yatra. Baltal , the more popular starting point for the yatra, is merely 15 kms from here. During this time, expect heavier traffic on the road from Srinagar to Sonamarg the journey make take up to 3 hours or even more. The Baltal Thajiwas Wildlife Sanctuary close by can be visited as a wildlife excursion.

During the summer months the main road at Sonamarg , with its mant cafeterias and restaurants is abuzz with tourists. Sonamarg , however , goes into hibernation during the long winter due to heavy snowfall.

WULAR LAKE

FOR WULAR GURUS FROM SRINAGAR : 46 KMS

FOR BANDIPORE FROM SRINAGAR : 52 KMS

WULAR LAKE, spread across the districts of Bandipore and Sopore , is the largest freshwater lake in India, estimated to have formed due to a shift in tectonic plates. Gurur, 46 kms from Srinagar, is the closet village to the lake and has a wonderful park atop a small hillock, called vantage View Point, which offers the most panoramic view of the lake. The majestic Wular stretches on as far as the eye can see, against the backdrop of the spectacular countryside.

Fed by the Jhelum, which enters the lake from the southeast and exits from its western shore, the lake varies in size depending on the season, from 30 to 260 sq kms and often witness high, angry waves and storms in the afternoon. Hence it is believed that Wular is a corruption of the Sanskrit word “ Ullola”, meaning turbulent . Other traces origin of the word to the Kashmiri word :”Wul” , meaning fissure or gap .It is said that Zain Ul Abidin , the 15^th century sultan of Kashmir , was so enchanted by the beauty of this vast lake that he built an island at its centre, known as Zaina Lank. Wular’s deepest point is referred to as Mota Khon or the “ gulf of corpses”.

Wular Lake is listed under the National Wetland Conservation Program as well as the Ramsion and Convention, an international treaty that provides the framework for action and cooperation for the conservation of wetlands.

MANASBAL LAKE 

On the way from Srinagar to Wular ( 30 kms ) is the beautiful Manasbal Lake, said to be name after the famous Mansarovar Lake in the Tibet. It is estimated to be 13 m at its deepest, making it the deepest lake in the Valley

According to an old legend, a sage once decided to measure its depth and dropped a string into it.The string kept on unraveling and, frustrated by his failure, the sage decided to take a leap into the lake to resolve the matter himself.Locals believe that the sage is still floating in its unfathomable depths. Manasbal is most attractibe in July August when thousands of lotuses bloom on the periphery of the lake, stunning in their abundance and striking in their beauty, “The banks of the Manasbal are deserted now, the gardens are in ruins……the Mughals, with their love of scenery and genius for garden building , rarely chose a better site than the shores of this loveliest and loneliest of all the Kashmir lakes.( CM Villiers , Gardens of the Great Mughals) .

A Mughal Garden called Jaroka Bagh, on the northeastern banks of the lake, overlooks the tranquil water of the lake, though not much remains of the medieval pavilions. A few kilometers ahead is the new Manasbal Park with its beautifully laid garden and walking paths along the banks of the lake.

Many local and migratory birds can also be spotted here, making the lake an absolute, delight for birdwatchers!The lake and its peaceful environs are a treat for all tourists and nature lovers , and a quiet shikara ride on the lake is highly recommended . J& K tourism also organizes water skiing ,which is a favourite with most visitors.

KHEER BHAWANI

The sacred shrine of Kheer Bhawani in the village of Tullnamula is just 28 kms from Srinagar. Built by Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1912 and later renovated by his nephew, Maharaja Hari Singh , this popular Hindu shrine, dedicated to goddess Ragnya Devi , stands over a sacred spring.

The water of this unique spring is known to change colour; occasionally turning red, light green, lemon yellow, milky white or grey white. However, if the water turns black, it is believed to be inauspicious. Bubbles rising out of the spring are believed to form the chakra,the mystic symbol.

Placed inside a small, marbel shrine, the deity is beautifully decorated with bright red and yellow flowers. The large temple compound has a number of chinar trees. Outside the complex, the road is dotted with shops selling puja paraphernalia.

The temple’s main festival is held during the Hindu month of Jesht (May June) . Devoteeds through to the temple to offer prayers and prasal all day long. Accommodation is provided by the JKTDC within the temple complex for those looking for stay.

Every year during spring, Kheer ( rice pudding ) is offered to the Goddess, giving the temple its name

YOUSMARG

The lush green meadows of Yousmarg, carpeted with flowers in spring and summer, make for a delightful day trip from Srinagar, 47 kms away. It is an ideal location for lazy picnics and leisurely strolls. It is also offer options for longer treks for those eager to explore the region on foot.

A short, 4 km trek from Yousmarg will take you to the placid blue Nilanag Lake, set against the backdrop of deep green pine forests. A longer trek to the magnificent frozen lake at Sang eSafed, 10 kms from Yousmarg and back, can take up to a day. The lake remains frozen for most part of the year and visitors should carry heavy wollen clothes with them. Tourists unwilling to walk can hire ponies or mules at Yousmarg to explore its beautiful environs.

It is said that Yousmarg is a corruption of the name Roosmarg, meaning” Meadow of the Musk Deer”. However, locals believe that the place is named after Yousa or Jesus, and means the “ Meadow of Jesus”. There is a theory , largely propounded by a Russian writer Nicolas Notovich in 1894, that Jesus spend several years in India during his youth, popularly referred to as “ the lost years” by scholars. It was during this time that he is said to have halted at Yousmarg , while travelling through Kashmir.

19kms from Yousmarg, at Chrar e  Sharif ( 28 kms from Srinagar) is the revered dargah of the 14-15^th century mystic saint Hazrat Sheikh Noor ud-din , also called Alandar-e-Kashmir. The Sufi Saint , also known as Nund Rishi, is remembered for being one of the main proponents of the Rishi order of Sufism, and his dargah is visited by people of all faiths.

INDIA KASHMIR - PAHALGAM ( PART 2 )

The most popular of these is the trek to the lush, undulating meadow of Baisaran ( 56 kms) . Enclosed by thickly wooded tracks of pine, Baisaran also makes for a good campsite. In the tourist season, zorbing is arranged by the J& Tourism and is all the rage with tourists.

Further up, an 11 km trek takes one to Tuliyan Lake at an altitude of 3353 m .This serene lake remains frozen most of the year and is surrounded by snow capped mountains on all its side. 

For the adventurous, there are treks that take 4 to 6 days from Pahalgam to Sonamarh or to Panikher in the Zanskar valley (via Sheshnag Lake) . For serious trekkers and mountaineers, guidance and equipment can be sought at Jawahar Institut of Mountaineering and winter sports, in Pahalgam .

Ponies can be hired by the hour at fixed rates which are posted at prominent locations. These pony rides on steep trails can be quite a thrilling and hair raising experience!Pahalgam has a scenically placed 9 hole golf course, which is being developed into an 18 hole course. Golf Championships organized by the state government and private hoteliers are held here in summers.

The torrential Lidder offers rafting where you can feel an adrenaline rush as you face the rapids in the icy cold water! In 2009, Pahalgam also hosted an International Rafting Championship. Trout fishing in Lidder is very popular in Pahalgam; the commonest varieties being the Rainbow and Brown. It is thus no surprise that many hotels and restaurants here serve up various kinds of trout delicacies – from Indian to continental preparations making a visit to Pahalgam particularly delightful for fish lovers. “Trout beat “in the main market is a popular joint for trying out trout. Several of the hotels here also offer to cook your trout dishes on order.

The department of Fisheries supervises angling to maintain the ecological balance of the species. Fishing equipment can be hired or bought, and one can use the services of ghillies (professional fishing guide). Permits have to be sought in advance from the J& K Department of Fisheries. Permits are issued for a maximum of 3 days at a time, and the charges for angling are on per day, per rod basis. The best season for angling in Pahalgam is from April to September.

Pahalgam Club, managed by the JKTD, is being revamped to include a restaurant, auditorium, health club, open food court and other facilities and promises to be a tourist attraction.

Known for products made of wool, Pahalgam is an ideal stop for shoppers.Gabbas, rugs made of coloured cut outs from old woolen clothes, or Namdas , soft rugs made of felt , can be bought here. Apart from these,silk as well as woolen carpets, shawls, wall hangings , a range of intricately carved walnut- wood furniture and accessories , jewellery boxes made of stone, and tea cosies with beautiful Kashmiri embroidery are available. For those wanting to indulge in eating, Pahalgam has a market lined with restaurants with various cuisines on offer.

The wildlife reserve of Shikargah also makes for a short trek. This as well as other forests around PAhalgam are home to several endangered and protected species, including the hangul, musk deer, serow, leopard, rhesus macaque and Himalayan mouse hare. Wild bears still roam much of the area and local villagers are on constant alert. The region has a wide variety of birds, both residents and migratory making it a bird watchers’ delight.

INDIA KASHMIR -OTHER ATTRACTIONS

TANGMARG

Situated about 12 kms downhill from Gulmarg, Tangmarg is where, until only 50 years ago, the motorable road to Gulmarg ended. From here, tourists were required to trek up , thus developing Tangmarg as a town. Today, it has many restaurants, bakeries and shops and tourists often stop here for a meal or to pick up Kashmiri handicrafts.

ZIARAT OF BABA RESHI

This Muslim shrine on the slopes below Gulmarg is a 5 km detour on the road between Gulmarg and Tangmarg and can be approached from either place. The 15^th century shrine is dedicated to a Muslim scholar and saint, Baba Reshi and is visited by thousands of devotees every year.

FEROZPORE NALLAH

Reached from the Tangmarg road, this mountain stream meets the Bahan River at a popular picnic spot known as “water meets” . It is about 5 kms down the valley from Gulmarg and is known for trout fishing.

BOTPATHRI

Situated at an altitude of 2743 m in Nagin Valley  , 10 kms from Gulmarg and 5 kms from LOC, Botpathri is an erstwhile camping destination for trekkers and shepherds.

INDIA KASHMIR -PAHALGAM ( PART 1)

PAHALGAM

Situated at the confluence of the waters of Sheshnag and Lidder, Pahalgam is 95 kms east of Srinagar , in Anantnag district. Once a humble village frequented by nomadic herdsmen, it is still called the “ Valley of Shepherds”.

Flanked by steep, fir clad hills and snow capped mountains, this magnificent hill station sits at an altitude of 2130 m above sea level. A dense cover of tall conifers envelopes the valley, while the torrential flow of the Lidder, formed from streams flowing out of Sheshnag Lake and the melting waters of Kolahoi Glacierm adds to beauty.

By the early 20^th century, this hill station began to draw visitors from Gulmarg and Srinagar , who came here for its incredible natural beauty and its premier position as a starting point for camping and trekking trips. With rapidly increasing tourist flow over the years, local herdsmen either moved out or relocated to the outskirts.Clusters of shepherd huts can still be seen on distant hill slopes.

Pahalgam is today one of Kashmir’s most popular tourist destinations,hosting visitors with varied budgets and interests. While many come here simply to relax and enjoy its breathtaking views, others enthusiastically partake in several activities offered in the valley  pony riding , camping , trekking , angling, rafting and golfing.

The breeze from the Lidder and fresh air from the forests keep Pahalgam cool even during summer. However, during the extreme winter months of November –January, much of the valley sleeps, with many hotels not in business.

PAHALGAM is a delightful destination, not only for itself, but for all the smaller sites around it accessible by motorable roads or winding trekking trails through the mountains.

Among the more interesting sites accessible by car is Hajan, 7kms away, on the road to Chandanwari.

It is an idyllic spot for picnics and has been the location for several movie scenes. In fact, it has been renamed “ Betaab Valley “ after the popular Hindi film Betaab was shot here in 1983.

Aru Valley, 11kms from Pahalgam, can also be reached by road and is popular with skiers in winters. From Aru, a popular trek via Lidderwat leads to the hanging glacier of Kolahoi (35 kms) ,a t an altitude of 3400 m. Here, you can have a glimpse of Kolahoi Peak, 5370 m high . Aru is also the base for longer treks to Tarsar- Marsar lakes and Katrinag valley.

Also connected by road is a 12^th century Shiva temple, Mamaleshwara , in Mamal village , that is believed to have been built by King Jayasima.

There are narrow trails around Pahalgam for exploring, on foot or by ponies, through thick pine forests, by fast flowing streams, over open grasslands, past small lakes –all under the gaze of majestic snow –clad mountains.

INDIA KASHMIR - GULMARG

GULMARG

Gulmarg was originally called “ Gaurimarg “ ( Gauri , the Fair One, is another name for Parvati ) . It was renamed Gulmarg , meaning meadow of flowers , by Sultan Yusuf Shah in the 16^th century. As the name suggests, Gulmarg is characterized by Rolling Meadows emblazoned with wild flowers through spring and summer; while thick, powder fine snow covers it in winters. Located 56kms southwest of Srinagar, Gulmarg was a favourite haunt of the Mughal emperor , Jahangir , who came here to collect plants for his gardens.

In the 19^th century, British civil servants and soldiers began frequenting it to escape the summer heat of the plains of north India,to hunt and to play golf on its open meadows. By the early 20^th century Gulmarg had 3 golf courses, including one exclusively for women!

In summers, the almost 2 hours’ drive from Srinagar to Gulmarg takes one through field of maize and rice, gently rising towards the lower slopes of the Pir Panjal range. From Tangmarg the 12km uphill drive to Gulmarg is through forests of pine and firs. In winter, the entire area up from Tangmarg is covered with snow and looks spectacular.

Located at an altitude of 2730m the cup shaped valley of Gulmarg is 2 sq kms in area enclosed by forested tracts of tall green pines close at hand and the high snow capped peaks beyond. The view of the vast , open meadows is unobstructed , except for a few hotels and army quarters , as construction is otherwise barred in the quaint hill station. Instead, the greens are dotted with small lakes and enclosed parks. Tranquil and serene, the dream like quietude in the valley is broken only by the occasional tinkle of cowbells or neighing of horses.

Interestingly, Gulmarg does not have any permanent residents.Those staying in Gulmarg are either tourists or those catering to the tourism industry here.

One must plan a relaxed stay in Gulmarg to witness all its charm. Summers allow for several outdoor activities trekking on foot or on horses, mountain biking, trout fishing, golfing and water skiing. Gulmarg is an excellent base for treks in the northern Pir Panjal Ranges. Many treks are designed to suit all abilities and meander through the meadows and along hill trails, providing stunning views of the valley.

 One could trek to Khilanmarg (6kms) or further up to the peak of Apharwat. On a clear day, the Nanga Parbat peak can be seen from several viewpoints. One could also trek south to the Ferozepur Nala and further to the hamlets of Danwas, Tejjian and to Samaidan. There are no fixed rates for hiring horses; so remember to bargain well.

Gulmarg boasts of the world’s highest golf course, situated at an altitude of 2650m. Built in 1911 by British, this is the only one of the 3 golf courses that remains today. The first golf championship in India was played in Gulmarg in 1922. The sprawling 18 hole golf course is maintained by the State Tourism Department and welcomes temporary members on daily payment basis.

A limited amount of golfing equipment is available for hire. The golf clubhouse,standing amidst the greens, has a quaintly sloping roof reminiscent of a Swiss chalet. St Mary’s Anglican Church, also in the middle of the golf course, stands to this day as a reminder of Gulmarg’s British lineage.

A big tourist attraction is the newly inaugurated “Gondola “cable car on the slopes of the majestic of the majestic Mt Apharwat (4200m) .Built in collaboration with the acclaimed French cable car company, Pomoglaski , it is the world’s highest and Asia’s longest ropeway.Open all year round,the 2 stage ropeway , covers a total distance of 5kms , and ferries about 600 people an hour.

 The first phase of the Gondola, inaugurated in 1998, takes about 9 minutes to ascend the 400m to Kongdori station, while the second phase, inaugurated in 2005, ascends to a dizzying 4267m!

Disembarking at the highest point, the grandeur of the view from the cable car suddenly gives way to a carnivalesque setting with nearly everyone being noisily excited at the sight of snow. There are several activities from snow scooters to tobogganing (riding on hand pulled sledges) and ski rides. 

While snowfall occurs till April, snow stays on the highest point till about July end. The view of the Himalayas is breathtaking. A sign board can be seen indicating the end of Indian civilian area; only few kilometers beyond is Pakistani territory.

While in summers the verdant beauty of Gulmarg with its flowery meadows and pastoral scenes charms the visitor, the thick snow cover from November to March makes Gulmarg a most sought after winter destination. Blanketed in white the valley looks pristine. In the chilling cold weather , hotels here extend warm hospitality, with hot cups of kahwa and cracking wood fire burning in stone fireplaces.

There is enough and more for a visitor to do in winters: sit back and enjoy the stunning views, play in the soft snow or partake of the various winter sport activities offered. Gulmarg has been called the “heartland of winter sports in India” by CNN. In January 1998, the first National Winter Games of India were held here. Thereafter, Gulmarg has hosted the event twice, in 2004 and 2008.

A generous snowfall in winters covers the mountain with fine, deep powder snow turning Gulmarg into  India’s finest ski resort. Mt Apharwat boasts of one of the longest and highest ski slopes in Asia. “ A big , wide, whale bakced mountain …..with a dozen or so ridges coming off the front face at right angles, like the teeth of a comb”, the peak has varied ski runs to suit all levels of experience , from beginners to professionals. One can choose to ski down any of the ridges or drop into one of the bowls between them. There are 3 ski lifts to take skiers up the mountain from where, in the peak season, they can glide all the way down to Tangmarg! The Gondola cable car takes one to a downhill ski run of 5.2 kms , from a height of 4267.2 m.

A European travel writer points out “that with such pristine conditions it attracts all types –the passionate, professionals, unskilled and the sacred. “ Skiing on the slopes of Gulmarg is a big attraction because compared to other major ski resorts, especially the Alpine resorts, the crowds here are far fewer and the rates ridiculously low. Ski race evens are also held in Gulmarg which see participation from across the world.

The Skiing season extends from 15 December to 15 April. Basic equipment is available on hire, while trained instructors are available for various levels of training. The Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering in Gulmarg conducts professional courses in skiing, apart from organizing various other kinds of adventure activities.

Heli-skiing has recently been launched in Gulmarg by the J& K Government. It is the ultimate, free riding experience where helicopters are used instead of ski lifts. The helicopter rides up the mountain, apart from being an experience in itself, give skiers access to virgin turfs that are otherwise out of bounds.

Given its stunning beauty, it is no surprise that the vales of Gulmarg have been a favourite with Bollywood directors. The famous song from the 1973 Rishi Kapoor Dimple Kapadia starrer Boddy , “ Hum tum Ek Kamre Main Band Hon”, was shot in Gulmarg , in Highlands Park Hotel. Another popular song associated with Gulmarg is “Jai Jai Shiv Shankar” from Aap Ki KAsam starring Rajesh Khanna and Mumtaz. Locals are sure to point out the small Shiva Temple on a hillock, in the middle of the valley, where this song was shot. Originally the temple of the Dogra kings of Jammu and Kashmir, it is known as the Maharani Temple or Mohineshwar Shivalaya. Interestingly, this conical, single celled shrine can be seen from all parts of Gulmarg!

The annual, 3 day Gulmarg Winter Festival, held in March, brings together music, film. Photography and adventure on one common platform. Showcasing upcoming artists it holds events against the breathtaking setting of snow peaks and is a great crowd puller.